姓氏

 姓氏

Paul King

你有没有想过你的姓氏是怎么来的? 或者人们什么时候开始使用姓氏(姓)以及为什么?

在英国,由于先写名字,后写姓氏的做法,所以姓氏也通常被称为 "姓"。

历史学家普遍认为,在公元1000年的英格兰,约有10%的人口是奴隶,其余的都是不自由的。 所谓不自由的人,是指乡绅、领主和农夫,或者是地位不同的农奴,他们都被领主和主人束缚在土地上。 大多数人很少移动,他们只需要一个名字来识别自己。 即使在骑士阶层,世袭的姓氏的人很少。

See_also: 民俗年--三月

直到1066年诺曼征服之后,姓氏才被广泛使用。 随着国家人口的增长,有必要对人进行区分,因此名字中开始包含对人的描述,如约翰的儿子托马斯、贝克的彼得、怀特海德的理查德、玛丽-韦伯斯特等。 这些描述逐渐形成了我们今天认识的姓氏。

首先,姓氏是不固定的,会随着时间的推移而改变,或者随着一个人工作的改变而改变。 例如,约翰-铁匠可能随着他的行业发展而变成约翰-法里尔。

1538年引入的教区登记册帮助确立了世袭姓氏的概念。 然而,在该国的一些地区,发现一个人在受洗时以一个姓氏登记,以另一个姓氏结婚,然后以第三个姓氏埋葬的情况仍然很常见。

今天,也许有多达45,000个不同的英国姓氏,来自各种来源:绰号、身体属性、行业、地名等。

爱尔兰、威尔士和苏格兰高地的名字大多源自盖尔语人名,而传统的英格兰和苏格兰低地的姓氏也反映了中世纪中后期的社会状况。

史密斯、赖特、弗莱彻、骑士、库克、扈从、泰勒和特纳等常见的姓氏都是围绕中世纪的行业或职业。

有些姓氏源于个人特征或长相,如Armstrong、Swift、Red和Short。 那些源于个人居住地的姓氏可能包括Hill、Dale、Bridge、Forest和Wood;还有York、Lancaster、London等等。

See_also: 斯坦福桥之战

另一种常见的区分方式是 "之子",例如Johnson(约翰的儿子)、Richardson、Wilson、Harrison等。 许多威尔士的姓氏都遵循这种模式,其中Jones(来自 "约翰的儿子")是最常见的姓氏。

有时,中间名可能会成为姓氏。 例如,一个孩子被命名为约翰-奥利弗(John Oliver),可能会导致后来者采用奥利弗作为他们的姓氏。

一些常见的姓氏和它们的来源:

Wheeler - 车工的另一种说法

查普曼--在市场上出售货物

英曼--旅馆老板

巴克斯特--女面包师

布鲁斯特--女酿酒师

李斯特--染色师

行者--用脚敲打羊毛的人,是羊毛制作过程的一部分。

Stringfellow - 制作弓的弦

Wainwright - 制作手推车的人

福斯特--福斯特的腐败

阿克莱特--制造箱子的人(方舟)。

Dempster - 源于deemester,一个古老的英语单词,指法官。

厨工--在厨房工作

懦夫--来自于牧牛人

Davies和Davis--都来自Davy(大卫)的儿子

菲茨--来自诺曼底法语的 "fils de"(之子)。

赫斯特--树木繁茂的山丘

萧--是木材的另一个词。

Townsend - 住在城市边缘的人

Cruikshank - 腿歪的人

穆迪--源自古英语'modig',意思是勇敢、大胆

泰特--开朗的人

Paul King

Paul King is a passionate historian and avid explorer who has dedicated his life to uncovering the captivating history and rich cultural heritage of Britain. Born and raised in the majestic countryside of Yorkshire, Paul developed a deep appreciation for the stories and secrets buried within the ancient landscapes and historic landmarks that dot the nation. With a degree in Archaeology and History from the renowned University of Oxford, Paul has spent years delving into archives, excavating archaeological sites, and embarking on adventurous journeys across Britain.Paul's love for history and heritage is palpable in his vivid and compelling writing style. His ability to transport readers back in time, immersing them in the fascinating tapestry of Britain's past, has earned him a respected reputation as a distinguished historian and storyteller. Through his captivating blog, Paul invites readers to join him on a virtual exploration of Britain's historical treasures, sharing well-researched insights, captivating anecdotes, and lesser-known facts.With a firm belief that understanding the past is key to shaping our future, Paul's blog serves as a comprehensive guide, presenting readers with a wide range of historical topics: from the enigmatic ancient stone circles of Avebury to the magnificent castles and palaces that once housed kings and queens. Whether you are a seasonedhistory enthusiast or someone seeking an introduction to the enthralling heritage of Britain, Paul's blog is a go-to resource.As a seasoned traveler, Paul's blog is not limited to the dusty volumes of the past. With a keen eye for adventure, he frequently embarks on on-site explorations, documenting his experiences and discoveries through stunning photographs and engaging narratives. From the rugged highlands of Scotland to the picturesque villages of the Cotswolds, Paul takes readers along on his expeditions, unearthing hidden gems and sharing personal encounters with local traditions and customs.Paul's dedication to promoting and preserving the heritage of Britain extends beyond his blog as well. He actively participates in conservation initiatives, helping to restore historical sites and educate local communities about the importance of preserving their cultural legacy. Through his work, Paul strives not only to educate and entertain but also to inspire a greater appreciation for the rich tapestry of heritage that exists all around us.Join Paul on his captivating journey through time as he guides you to unlock the secrets of Britain's past and discover the stories that shaped a nation.