1869年的模具暴动

 1869年的模具暴动

Paul King

威尔士东北部的边境城镇摩尔德的历史本身就很吸引人;然而,围绕1869年夏天发生的事件将永远记录下该镇在英国社会历史上的作用。

诺曼人在威廉-鲁弗斯统治时期建立了莫尔德定居点。 作为一个边境城镇,莫尔德在诺曼人和威尔士人之间多次易手,直到爱德华一世在1277年征服威尔士时终于解决了这个问题。 在此之后,莫尔德的领地最终落入斯坦利家族手中。

正是斯坦利家族为纪念亨利-都铎在1485年博斯沃思战役中的胜利而修建了摩尔教区教堂--斯坦利勋爵的妻子是亨利-都铎的母亲。

然而,在18和19世纪,该地区采矿业的广泛发展首次将摩尔德定义为一个工业城市。 有助于推动英国工业革命的铁、铅和煤都是在周围地区开采的。

而正是在这些矿井中,发生了这样的事件,引发了这样的社会动荡,影响了英国未来对公众骚乱的警戒。

See_also: 木屐舞

在两名煤矿工人因攻击附近村庄Leeswood Green Colliery的经理而被判刑入狱后,麻烦就开始了。

矿工们被来自达勒姆的英国人约翰-杨的决定和傲慢的态度激怒了,在骚乱发生前的几周,利斯伍德矿工和矿场管理层之间的关系大大恶化。

富有魅力的杨最初试图 "讨好 "他的矿工,禁止他们在地下说自己的母语威尔士语。 然后在1869年5月17日,仿佛雪上加霜,杨还宣布他们的工资将被削减。

矿工们对他的管理风格大为不满,两天后,他们在矿井口举行了一次会议。 一些愤怒的人显然被事件激怒了,他们离开会场,袭击了杨,然后用青蛙式的步伐把他带到了Pontblyddyn的警察局。 他的房子也遭到了袭击,他的所有家具被运到了火车站,希望能一劳永逸地把他赶走。

七名男子被逮捕,并被命令于1869年6月2日在莫尔德治安法庭受审。 所有人都被认定有罪,被指控的头目伊斯梅尔-琼斯和约翰-琼斯被判处一个月的劳役。

这起案件引起了人们的注意,以至于法院外聚集了大量的人群来听取法官的判决。 看来弗林特郡的警察局长可能已经预料到会有一些麻烦,因为他已经命令全郡的警察和来自附近切斯特的国王第四团的一个分队的士兵在这一天来到该镇。

当这两名囚犯被从法庭带到火车站,那里有一列火车在等着把他们带到弗林特城堡的监狱时,由1000多名矿工和他们的家人组成的愤怒人群做出了反应。 他们开始向看守投掷石块和其他导弹。

弗林特郡摩尔的骚乱 发表于《伦敦新闻画报》,1869年6月

See_also: 威尔士的红龙

上图中显示士兵向人群开枪的细节

士兵们在没有警告的情况下进行报复,向人群胡乱开枪,杀死了四人,包括两名妇女,另有数十人受伤。 人群迅速散去,到第二天早上,血流成河的街道已经空无一人。

验尸官对死亡事件进行了调查:验尸官显然有点耳聋,而且被一些人形容为有点傻,他不得不通过一个耳号来接受证人的证据。 威尔士的陪审团作出了 "正当杀人 "的裁决。

1715年的《暴乱法》规定,12人以上的人群在接到地方法官的命令后一小时内拒绝散去,即为严重犯罪。 看来,《暴乱法》并没有向莫尔德的暴乱者宣读。 事实上,莫尔德的悲剧导致当局重新思考并改变了他们今后处理公共秩序的方式。

这种不那么严厉的治安政策一直持续到20世纪80年代,当时其他一些矿工,这次是来自南威尔士、约克郡和诺丁汉郡的矿工,也选择了罢工!

Paul King

Paul King is a passionate historian and avid explorer who has dedicated his life to uncovering the captivating history and rich cultural heritage of Britain. Born and raised in the majestic countryside of Yorkshire, Paul developed a deep appreciation for the stories and secrets buried within the ancient landscapes and historic landmarks that dot the nation. With a degree in Archaeology and History from the renowned University of Oxford, Paul has spent years delving into archives, excavating archaeological sites, and embarking on adventurous journeys across Britain.Paul's love for history and heritage is palpable in his vivid and compelling writing style. His ability to transport readers back in time, immersing them in the fascinating tapestry of Britain's past, has earned him a respected reputation as a distinguished historian and storyteller. Through his captivating blog, Paul invites readers to join him on a virtual exploration of Britain's historical treasures, sharing well-researched insights, captivating anecdotes, and lesser-known facts.With a firm belief that understanding the past is key to shaping our future, Paul's blog serves as a comprehensive guide, presenting readers with a wide range of historical topics: from the enigmatic ancient stone circles of Avebury to the magnificent castles and palaces that once housed kings and queens. Whether you are a seasonedhistory enthusiast or someone seeking an introduction to the enthralling heritage of Britain, Paul's blog is a go-to resource.As a seasoned traveler, Paul's blog is not limited to the dusty volumes of the past. With a keen eye for adventure, he frequently embarks on on-site explorations, documenting his experiences and discoveries through stunning photographs and engaging narratives. From the rugged highlands of Scotland to the picturesque villages of the Cotswolds, Paul takes readers along on his expeditions, unearthing hidden gems and sharing personal encounters with local traditions and customs.Paul's dedication to promoting and preserving the heritage of Britain extends beyond his blog as well. He actively participates in conservation initiatives, helping to restore historical sites and educate local communities about the importance of preserving their cultural legacy. Through his work, Paul strives not only to educate and entertain but also to inspire a greater appreciation for the rich tapestry of heritage that exists all around us.Join Paul on his captivating journey through time as he guides you to unlock the secrets of Britain's past and discover the stories that shaped a nation.