Robin Goodfellow

 Robin Goodfellow

Paul King

在现代早期的英国,仙女是一种复杂而有问题的生物。 天主教会将其视为恶魔般的精神,法庭将仙女信仰归入黑魔法和巫术,而成功的剧作家、作家和诗人,包括威廉-莎士比亚和埃德蒙-斯宾塞,都将其作为作品的主角。 尽管存在这种冲突,但有一种特别的仙女,一个叫罗宾-古德费洛的精灵,她的存在经受住了当代对民间传说信仰的攻击,并继续在十六和十七世纪的家庭中制造恶作剧。

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据历史学家所知,古德费洛是一个英国本土的精灵,他是中世纪 "帕克 "的化身。 他不寻常的名字反映了人们把仙女称为 "好人",这象征着尽管他们调皮捣蛋,但却喜欢奉承。 在新教改革之后,与其他超自然生物一样,古德费洛成为了人们的话题。雷金纳德-斯考特称他为 "伟大而古老的牛头人",爱德华-德林指责他是中世纪宗教的 "闲置迷信",埃德蒙-比克诺尔称他是 "不忠的果实 "所生,是魔鬼的阴谋家。 然而,与新教当局的攻击相反,对罗宾-古德费罗和的信仰他的仙女伴侣在现代早期的流行文化中仍然很重要,特别是在家庭中。

古德费罗的故乡奥伯伦,或 "仙境",被描述为一个没有罪恶和混乱的土地,因此他被认为是通过促进清洁和强烈的工作道德来对凡人世界进行控制的狂热者。 例如,人们相信仙女可以帮助整理家庭;因此古德费罗经常被描绘成拿着扫帚,支持家庭工人的工作。人们还了解到,他可以通过掐死和咬死那些没有达到他的高要求的闲散女仆来强制执行家庭秩序。 因此,古德费洛作为家庭及其工人的严格管教者,常常受到赞扬,或者说是令人恐惧。

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惩罚或与仙女的契约构成了古德费洛在世间的一个重要部分。 虽然他可以发出好运和支持,但这总是以当事人为代价的。 正如雷金纳德-斯考特所评论的那样,古德费洛有一笔 "固定费用",即 "一团白面包和牛奶",这是他在支持家庭主妇做完家务后所期望的。 如果他的付款被遗忘,古德费洛就会此外,在1628年,一位匿名作者从古德费罗和他的仙女同伴的角度发表了一本小册子。 这本小册子说,"如果我们找到干净的水和干净的毛巾,我们就给他们留下钱",然而,如果这些礼物被遗忘了,"我们就用他们的稀饭、牛奶或其他东西来洗我们的孩子。对忽视仙女要求的惩罚仍在继续,"我们不仅用掐人中来惩罚他们,还用他们的货物来惩罚他们,使他们在付给我们钱之前永远不兴旺"。

对仙女的恐惧可以说导致了一系列旨在防止仙女惩罚发生的习俗。 例如,人们通常会留下一桶水供仙女洗澡,以及一碟牛奶和面包来安抚它们的胃口。 一个多世纪后的1731年,乔治-沃尔德隆认为这种信仰仍然很重要。 他认为,"一个人被认为是冒昧地亵渎 "去睡觉,"而不先准备一个浴缸,或装满干净水的桶",以便 "这些客人在里面洗澡"。

罗宾-古德费洛还以玩实际的、有时是残酷的笑话而闻名。 1625年,本-琼森从古德费洛的角度发表了一首民谣,描述了他最喜欢的一些恶作剧方式。 这首歌宣称,他是奥伯伦派来在人类世界玩恶作剧的。 他被描绘成一个活泼的捣蛋鬼,可以变身来迷惑他的人。他的滑稽行为包括通过戏弄客人来破坏晚宴,在人们的睡梦中纠缠他们,以及用人类的孩子交换畸形的精灵天使(一种特别可怕的仙女消遣)。

现代早期的宗教背景确保了这是一个对精神和超自然信仰的危险时期,但很明显,对这些生物的信仰在大众的理解和民间传说中仍然很重要。 仙女可以打扫你的家,让你的仆人受到控制,但他们也被用来解释神秘的事件,被指责为导致疾病的原因。因此,罗宾-古德费洛所负责的一系列行为,以及他同时帮助和伤害的能力,使他成为现代早期世界中一个有问题的,但令人难以置信的有趣生物。

作者:阿比盖尔-斯帕克,早期现代史专业的应届硕士毕业生,自由撰稿人和人文科学教师。

Paul King

Paul King is a passionate historian and avid explorer who has dedicated his life to uncovering the captivating history and rich cultural heritage of Britain. Born and raised in the majestic countryside of Yorkshire, Paul developed a deep appreciation for the stories and secrets buried within the ancient landscapes and historic landmarks that dot the nation. With a degree in Archaeology and History from the renowned University of Oxford, Paul has spent years delving into archives, excavating archaeological sites, and embarking on adventurous journeys across Britain.Paul's love for history and heritage is palpable in his vivid and compelling writing style. His ability to transport readers back in time, immersing them in the fascinating tapestry of Britain's past, has earned him a respected reputation as a distinguished historian and storyteller. Through his captivating blog, Paul invites readers to join him on a virtual exploration of Britain's historical treasures, sharing well-researched insights, captivating anecdotes, and lesser-known facts.With a firm belief that understanding the past is key to shaping our future, Paul's blog serves as a comprehensive guide, presenting readers with a wide range of historical topics: from the enigmatic ancient stone circles of Avebury to the magnificent castles and palaces that once housed kings and queens. Whether you are a seasonedhistory enthusiast or someone seeking an introduction to the enthralling heritage of Britain, Paul's blog is a go-to resource.As a seasoned traveler, Paul's blog is not limited to the dusty volumes of the past. With a keen eye for adventure, he frequently embarks on on-site explorations, documenting his experiences and discoveries through stunning photographs and engaging narratives. From the rugged highlands of Scotland to the picturesque villages of the Cotswolds, Paul takes readers along on his expeditions, unearthing hidden gems and sharing personal encounters with local traditions and customs.Paul's dedication to promoting and preserving the heritage of Britain extends beyond his blog as well. He actively participates in conservation initiatives, helping to restore historical sites and educate local communities about the importance of preserving their cultural legacy. Through his work, Paul strives not only to educate and entertain but also to inspire a greater appreciation for the rich tapestry of heritage that exists all around us.Join Paul on his captivating journey through time as he guides you to unlock the secrets of Britain's past and discover the stories that shaped a nation.