Tareenka Liverpool iyo Manchester waxa la furay 15-kii Sebtembar 1830-kii, isagoo u bilaabmay waa cusub oo gaadiidka rakaabka ah. Sawirrada mashiinnadaas hore, kuleyliyeyaasha waaweyn ee taayirrada lagu shido kookaha oo ay wataan niman koofiyadaha shooladda wata, ayaa galay buugaagta taariikhda. Maanta, sawiradaas ayaa weli kicinaya ruuxa da'da.

Iyadoo toddobo matoor oo kale oo la qurxiyay ay sido kale dhoolatus ku jiraan, oo ay ku jiraan “Rocket” caanka ah, George Stephenson’s locomotive “Northumbrian” ayaa si sharaf leh u sawiray gaari qurux badan oo ay qabsadeen Ra’iisul Wasaaraha Duke of Wellington iyo xisbigiisa. Isaga oo Stephenson laftiisu darawal ka yahay, "Northumbrian" wuxuu gaadhay xawaare aad u argagax badan 25 mayl saacaddii oo ku yaal jidka u dhexeeya Edge Hill ee u dhow Liverpool iyo Parkside ee woqooyiga Warrington!

1894 lithograph oo muujinaya "Northumbrian"

In kasta oo ay u ekayd waabe cusub oo dadwaynihii tirada badnaa ee jidka ku soo ururay, Liverpool iyo Manchester waxay ahaayeen dhamaadka qarniyadii horumarka. Jidadka tareemadu waxay u bilowdeen sidii waddooyin alwaax ah ama waddooyin taraam ah oo siday baabuur iyo tubooyin ay farduhu sawireen ama ay riixeen oo ay dadku jiidayeen. Hadda, baabuurta lugaha leh ee ay sawiraan taayirada uumiga ayaa ku duulayay biraha laba-geesoodka ah ee u dhexeeya labada xarumood ee ganacsiga ugu muhiimsan UK.

Stephenson waa inuu dareemay faan macquul ah oo ku saabsan guushiisa, sababtoo ah, in ka badan qof kasta kale, waxay yaqaaneen siyaasaddamuruq-maroorsiga, is-jiid-jiidka, dib-u-wareegidda iyo guul-darrooyinka hal-abuurka leh ee daadiyay waddadii guusha ka hor inta aan la dhigin qaybta koowaad ee jidka.

Injineer sare oo waqtigiisa u soo shaqeeyay horumarinta mishiinnada uumiga ee isku-dhafka ee woqooyi-bari ee uu u dhashay, Stephenson waxa uu xirfaddiisa u adeegsaday si uu horumar muhiim ah ugu sameeyo matoorada taagan iyo kuwa lugaha.

Kahor inta uusan ku biirin Liverpool iyo Manchester Railway Injineer ahaan, Stephenson waxa uu hore u kasbaday khibrad horumarinta tareenada ganacsiga. Waxa uu ahaa injineerka sare ee Stockton iyo Darlington Railway, kaas oo, in kasta oo aan ugu horrayn rakaab sidda walaac, uu raray agaasimayaasheeda iyo 21 xamuulka waggon ah oo dad ah, iyo sidoo kale laba iyo toban baabuur oo badeecado ah, oo ka danbeeyay hal tareen safarkiisii ​​ugu horeeyay ee 1825 .

Stephenson iyo agaasimayaasha Stockton iyo Darlington waxay ahayd inay la dagaallamaan danaha gaarka ah qaab milkiilayaasha stagecoach iyo noqon lahaa horumarinta kanaalka, iyo sidoo kale diidmada milkiilayaasha maxalliga ah. Waxay sidoo kale ku qasbanaadeen inay la dagaallamaan cabsida dadka caadiga ah oo kaliya arkay shaqo la'aanta iyo dhammaan isbeddellada kale ee cabsida leh ee la socda tiknoolajiyada cusub.

Habkan cusub ee cabsida leh ee uumiga si fudud ma ahayn mid dabiici ah! Waxay abuurtay qaac iyo qiiq khatar ah oo deegaanka wasakheeyay! Dhulka waa la jeexjeexi doonaa, farduhu way argagixi doonaan - dhab ahaantii, si dhakhso ah ayay u dabar go'i lahaayeen hadda marka jidka tareenkawaxay xadeen shaqooyinkoodii - jannaduna way ogtahay saamaynta ku socodka xawaaraha 20 mayl saacaddii ama ka badan ay ku yeelan karto gudaha celceliska aadanaha.

Robert Stephenson 1>

Sidaas darteed, markii Stephenson uu shaqaaleysiiyay agaasimayaasha Liverpool iyo Manchester Railway si uu u sahamiyo oo u dejiyo dariiqa khadka cusub ee la soo jeediyay, wuxuu lahaa xoogaa fikrad ah waxa laga filayo. Haddii ay wax jiraan, mucaaradku xitaa aad bay uga sii kululaayeen dhinaca galbeed ee Pennines, iyo helitaanka biilka lagama maarmaanka ah iyada oo loo marayo Baarlamaanka ma caddayn arrin sahlan. Dabadeed waxaa jirtay arrin ku saabsan in jidka loo maro bogaga caanka ah ee Chat Moss, halkaas oo inta badan dadka wax ka sheega ay sheegeen in uu hubo in uu murugooday.

Isaga oo si guul leh ula macaamilay dhammaan mucaaradka iyo sidoo kale Chat Moss, Stephenson waxa uu isku arkay in uu wajahay caqabadii ugu dambeysay. Qaar ka mid ah agaasimayaasha ayaa soo jeediyay in jidka cusub ee tareen ee uu halganka adag u galay uu noqdo mid ku shaqeeya matoorada taagan.

Soo jeedintan waxa ay ku lug lahaan lahayd in matoorada go'an la dhigo inta u dhaxaysa dhererka jidka oo dhan, iyadoo fiilooyinka lagu jiido tababarayaasha iyo gaadhiyada. Waxaa xiiso leh in la qiyaaso sida uu uga duwanaan lahaa safarka u dhexeeya Liverpool iyo Manchester haddii agaasimayaashu ay guuleysan lahaayeen!

Stephenson waxa loo diyaariyey in uu u dagaalamo awoodda baabuurta. Waxaa la isla gartay in la qabto tartan lagu cadeynayo sarraynta gawaarida gawaarida xamuulka qaada iyo abaalmarin dhan £500.waxaa la siiyay qof kasta oo ku guulaysta tijaabada la soo jeediyay ee Rainhill. Tareennada dhulka hoostiisa mara waxa lagu muujin doonaa in ka badan hal mayl iyo badh qayb ka mid ah jidka tareenka, iyada oo lagu soo dhaaminayo saddex tan tan kasta oo miisaankeeda ah. Shuruudo kale, sida ay yiraahdaan, ayaa sidoo kale lagu dabaqay.

Daadadka ayaa furmay, agaasimayaashuna waxay ku dhawaadeen inay ku caburiyaan culeyska soo jeedinta ka timid adduunka oo dhan, "mid kastaa wuxuu ku talinayaa in la hagaajiyo ama la hagaajiyo gawaarida". Tijaabooyinka ayaa ugu dambeyntii loo dejiyay Oktoobar 1829.

Sidoo kale eeg: 1960kii Tobankii sano ee ruxay Britain

Stephensons, George iyo wiilkiisa Robert, waxay aadeen inay ka shaqeeyaan mishiinkooda la soo jeediyay ee aqoon-is-weydaarsigooda hadda caanka ah ee Newcastle-kor-Tyne. George, dabcan, wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa injineerka Liverpool iyo Manchester Railway wuxuuna lahaa shaqo badan oo uu ku sameeyo khadka laftiisa, sidaas darteed inta badan shaqada dhismaha matoorka waxay ku jirtay garbaha Robert.

Stephensons' Rocket >

Sidoo kale eeg: Kartida Lancelot Brown Matoorka ay wataan, kaas oo taariikhda geli doona sida Rocket-ka, waxa uu ahaa dhisme kuleyliyaha tuubo-badan oo xag-jir ah kaas oo dhaafay gaaska kulul lagu abuuray sanduuqa dab-damiska iyada oo loo marayo tuubooyinka kuleyliyaha laftiisa. Tani waxay markaas ka soo baxday matoorka qiiqa dheer ee caadiga ah, taasoo abuurtay kulayl xoog leh oo ay wadaan dhululubada.

Kadib tijaabooyin guul leh, gantaalka waxaa lagu qaaday gaadhi faras-faras ah (fardo aad loogu baahan yahay dhismaha tareenka! ) dhanka Carlisle oo ku taal xeebta galbeed, diyaarna u ah in loo raro Liverpool.

4        4          4            4      4     kasoo-qaybgallay----daba-ma-yaalkii Tijaabadii Roob-doonnada, kasoo-socday 6-dii- 14-kii Oktoobar 1829-kii, oo ay kasoo qayb-galeen afar-qof oo kale. dhab ahaantii wuxuu ku sugnaa magaaladiisa Shildon ee County Durham. Matoorku wuxuu ahaa "Sans Pareil"

Sans Pareil

Shirkadda injineernimada ee London Braithwaite iyo Ericsson waxay galeen goobtooda, "Novelty". Waxaa Edinburgh ka yimid Burstall's "Severance" Tartamayaashu dhammaantood waxay isha ku hayeen waxa kuwa kale ku socdaan - wiilka Burstall xitaa wuxuu ka safray Edinburgh ilaa Newcastle si uu u eego horumarka Stephensons! Cycloped

Inta ugu badan ee indhaha soo jiidatay, laakiin si murugo leh loo baabi'iyay marka loo eego go'aankii guddiga agaasimayaasha ee "faras la'aan" waxay ahayd gelitaanka Thomas Brandreth ee Liverpool , "Cycloped". Tani waxay ka koobnayd laba faras oo ku socday nooc ka mid ah suunka gudbinta si ay u xoojiyaan taayirrada gaadhi sariir fidsan oo leh biro. Waxay u muuqataa in Cycloped uu u soo baxay tijaabooyinka Roobka ee madadaalada dadka. Taabasho wacan ee sawirada xiisaha ayaa ah baaldiga hor yaal faraska (hal kaliya ayaa la muujinaya), oo bixiya quudinta faraska ama biyaha. Haddii tamar lagu bixiyay faras ama mishiinka uumiga; shidaal iyo biyo ayaa mar walba loo baahnaa. "Manumotive" ayaa sidoo kale la tirtiray - laba nin oo awood leh oo jiidaya lix rakaab ahgaadhigu hubaal wuu ka soo horjeeday xeerarka!

Matoorada London iyo Edinburgh waxay ahaayeen kuwo miisaankoodu yar yahay marka la barbar dhigo kuwa Hackworth iyo Stephenson. Hackworth xitaa waxaa lagu dhaleeceeyay hal garsoore inuu haysto mishiin culus oo aan sidoo kale buuxin shuruudaha siyaabo kale. Kuleyliyaha daadsan iyo cilladaha kale waxay ka dhigan tahay in Hackworth ay ahayd inuu ka baxo tartanka, laakiin ma dhicin dhowr tijaabo oo la horgeeyay dadkii badnaa oo ku dhammaaday qarax kulul oo cajiib ah.

Novelty

Novelty-ga, mishiin qurux badan, ayaa si cad u lahaa xawli badan, haddii aanu sawirayn, tan iyo markii uu gaadhay in ka badan afar iyo labaatan mayl saacad ka hor inta aanu qarxin 10-ka Oktoobar markaas oo shuushu ay ka qaraxdo cadaadiska uumiga. "U adkaysiga" ayaa si xun u waxyeeloobay safarkeedii dheeraa ee Edinburgh ilaa Liverpool, laakiin Burstall wuxuu ku guuleystey inuu dayactiro si uu ugu ordo shan ama lix mayl saacaddii wadada. Ugu dambeyntiina, sida Hackworth iyo Braithwaite iyo Ericsson, waa inuu ka noqdaa tijaabooyinka.

Daqiiqadii ugu wacnayd ee Stephenson's "Rocket" waxay timid subaxii 8-dii Oktoobar iyadoo shaqaalihii waayo-aragnimada lahaa ee Stephenson ay u dhaqaaqeen ficil sidii mashiinkooda si fiican loo saliiday. Isaga oo sawiraya culays buuxa oo saddex iyo toban tan ah oo ay ku jiraan laba gaadhi oo dhagax sidda, Gantaalku waxa uu saacaddii sagaal iyo labaatan mayl ku qiyaasay meelo kala duwan oo kaliya ma jiidin ee waxa uu sidoo kale hore iyo dib u riixay gaadhiyada bandhiggamuujinta in dadkii badnaa si cad u jeclaayeen.

Ku dhawaad ​​sanad ka dib, Waddada Tareennada ee Liverpool iyo Manchester ayaa si rasmi ah loo furi doonaa ganacsi, iyadoo madaxda qaranka iyo mas'uuliyiinta maxalliga ah ay ka soo qaybgeli doonaan. Munaasabadda guusha Stephensons waxaa hadheeyay geeridii naxdinta lahayd ee ku timid xildhibaan William Huskisson, taageeraha tareenka ee adag oo sidoo kale ahaa dhibbanihii ugu horreeyay ee shil tareen. 10kii Oktoobar 1829 ee Tijaabooyinkii Roobka Roobka in kastoo, ma jirin wax carqaladaynaya guusha Stephensons' Rocket - da'dii weynayd ee uumiga ayaa si dhab ah u yimid!

Miriam Bibby BA MPhil FSA Scot waa taariikhyahan. , Egyptologist iyo archaeologist oo leh xiiso gaar ah taariikhda equine. Miriam waxay u shaqeysay sidii maamule madxaf, tacliin jaamacadeed, tifaftire iyo la taliyaha maamulka hidaha. Waxay hadda ku dhammaynaysaa PhD-da Jaamacadda Glasgow.