Qarnigii 19aad Garotting Panic
Wariye geesi ah oo ka tirsan Joornaalka Cornhill ayaa booqday hal dambiile oo xabsiga ku jira si uu ula kulmo in uu yahay dhibane gacan qaad ah. Isagalagu tilmaamay sida: “Ruffiankii saddexaad, ayaa si degdeg ah u soo kacay, oo cududdiisa midig ku rogay dhibbanaha, isaga oo si xariif ah uga garaacay foolka hore. Dareenka ayuu madaxiisa dib u tuurayaa, dhaqdhaqaaqaas wuxuu luminayaa fursad kasta oo uu ku baxsan karo. Cunihiisa ayaa si buuxda loogu soo bandhigay gacan-ku-dhiiglihii, kaas oo isla markiiba ku duubay gacantiisa bidix, lafta wax yar ka sarreysa curcurka ayaa lagu cadaadiyaa 'tufaaxa' cunaha".
Intii garootter-ku uu dhibbanaha ku qabtay xajin uu ku mergado, ayuu ninkii la socday si degdeg ah uga leexiyay wax kasta oo qiimo leh. Taas beddelkeeda, garootter-ku si fudud ayuu dhibbanaha u daba galiyay aamusnaan, isaga oo si buuxda ula yaabay sida cudud muruqa ah, xadhig ama silig si lama filaan ah qoorta ugu dhufatay. Qabashada ayaa mararka qaarkood lagu tilmaamay inay tahay "isku-dubbarid", mid ka mid ah dhinacyada sida aadka ah u khuseeyay saxaafaddu waxay ahayd habka wiilasha da'da yar - iyo hal tusaale, gabdhaha da'doodu ka yar tahay 12 jir, oo lagu eedeeyay - nuqul ka mid ah. Qaar ka mid ah dadka qaangaarka ah ee dembiilayaasha ah ayaa la sheegay in ay ka barteen xabsiga iyaga oo lagu soo raro ama lagu hayo maraakiibta xabsiga ka hor inta aan dib loogu soo celin bulshada.
“ Istaag oo bixi!”Si yaab leh, iyada oo sida muuqata soo jeedinaysa in dembigu u hayo dhallin-yarada nooc ka mid ah dhaldhalaalka aan dabiiciga ahayn, Times ayaa sidoo kale barbardhigtay garootka si aan wanaagsanayn. ku socda wadiiqada Ingiriisida ee daahsoon iyo "tartankiisa iyo xariifnimadiisa". Kormeeruhu wuxuu xitaa aad ugu fogaaday inuu ku sifeeyo niman-wadaynnada inay yihiin "si naxariis leh" gudahamarka la barbardhigo "ruffianly" garotter. Midda kale waxa calaamad u ahaa wada-hadal ka hor inta aan la dhicin, iyo jidhka oo la taabto. Haddii wararka saxafada la rumaysan lahaa, Ingiriisku wuxuu door biday in la dhaco, haddii tuuganimada ay ka horreyso bastoolad qafiif ah iyo "Taag oo bixi!" lagu sameeyay lahjad moodada ah, halkii laga heli lahaa ceejin iyo ciil.
Sidoo kale eeg: Wadooyinka Roman ee EnglandFikirka ah in garootinku uu ahaa mid cusub, aan Ingiriisi ama aan-British ahayn, iyo si uun ka dhashay saamaynta shisheeye ee aan la rabin, xidid buu yeeshay oo koray. Waxa sii shiday faallooyin saxaafadeed oo si ula kac ah loo dareemay sida "Waddada Bayswater [hadda] waxay u tahay ammaan la'aan sida Naples oo kale". Dickens, oo dulucda ka duulaya, waxa uu ku qoray qormo 1860-kii in waddooyinka London ay halis u yihiin sida buuraha cidlada ah ee Abruzzo, isaga oo sawiraya sawirrada guutooyin talyaani ah oo go’doonsan si ay u qeexaan deegaanka magaalada London. Saxaafaddu waxay isku dayeen inay abuuraan isbarbardhig loogu talagalay in lagu cabsi geliyo dadka, laga bilaabo Kacaannada Faransiiska ilaa "Tugga" Hindida ".
Sidoo kale eeg: Boqor Richard II>Dhibaatadu waxay ahayd in cabsida inteeda badan la soo saaray. Joornaal kasta ama wargeys kasta ma soo galin tartanka si uu u soo saaro nuqul dareen leh. Wargeyska Reynold's ayaa ku tilmaamay inuu yahay "qas iyo dhib" oo ku salaysan "argagaxa guriga", halka Daily News ay faallooyin taxaddar leh ka bixisay "argagax bulsheed", "hadal xamaasad leh" iyo "sheekooyin la buun buuniyay oo khiyaali ah". TheWargeysku xitaa wuxuu barbardhigay argagaxa iyo dhaqankii hore ee Ingiriisida pantomime ee la ixtiraami jiray wuxuuna sheegay inay soo jiidatay dareenka kaftan ee Ingiriiska: "Iyada oo loo eegayo dastuurkeena gaarka ah iyo dhadhankayaga gaarka ah ee kaftanka gaarka ah, garootting aad ayuu uga fog yahay inuu noqdo dambi aan la jeclayn." Ka warran carruurta ku ciyaaraysa garootka waddooyinka, iyo heeso majaajillo ah oo looga heesayo: "Yaa la yaabanahay intaas ka dib inaan dhib ku nahay deriskeenna ajnabiga ah?"Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qofna kama shakiyin in gariirku, in kasta oo uu yahay dambi naadir ah, uu yahay mid cawaaqib xun ku leh dhibbanayaasha. Hal kiis, dahable ku dhacay dabinka garotter-ka markii ay u timid "dheddig muuqaal leh oo ixtiraam leh" ayaa cunaha si xun u burburay oo uu u dhintay dhaawacii soo gaaray wax yar ka dib. Dhimasho aan dhimasho lahayn, laakiin waxyeello u geystay laba qof oo caan ah, mid ka mid ah xildhibaanka oo lagu magacaabo Pilkington oo la weeraray oo la dhacay dharaar u dhow Aqalka Baarlamaanka, kan kale ee qadiimiga ah ee 80-meeyadii oo lagu magacaabo Edward Hawkins, ayaa gacan ka geystay abuurista argagaxa. Sida dhammaan kiisaska dareenka leh, tusaalooyinkani waxay qabteen male-awaalka dadweynaha.Punch ayaa soo saartay sawir gacmeedyo badan oo muujinaya habab caqli gal ah oo ay dadku wax uga qaban karaan "dhibaatooyinka". Shakhsiyaadka qaarkood waxay soo xidheen waxyaabo liddi ku ah qaabka Heath Robinson; qaar kale waxay u soo baxeen kooxo wata ilaalo lebisan iyo hubkii guriga lagu soo farsameeyey.Dhab ahaantii, labadan habba way jireen xaqiiqo, iyadoo galbinaysa kirada iyo agabka difaaca (iyo weerarka) iibka ah.
The cartoons also served as an attack on both the police, who were believed to be ineffective, and campaigners for prison reform such as Home Secretary Sir George Grey, who was considered inuu u jilicsanaado dembiilayaasha. Booliiska ayaa ka jawaabay oo dib u qeexay qaar ka mid ah dembiyada fudud sida gaf-dambeedka oo loola dhaqmay si isku mid ah. Sannadkii 1863-kii, Sharciga Garotter, kaas oo dib u soo celiyay karbaashkii kuwii lagu helay xatooyo gacan ka hadal ah, ayaa si degdeg ah loo ansixiyay.
In kasta oo uu muddo gaaban jiray, Argagaxa Garotting ee 1860-kii wuxuu lahaa cawaaqib waarta. Dadka ku baaqay in dib u habeyn lagu sameeyo xabsiga iyo dhaqancelinta maxaabiista ayaa ahaa kuwo si aad ah uga shaqeeyay saxaafadda, gaar ahaan wargeyska Punch, taasoo saameyn ku yeelatay ololahooda. Dabeecadda muhiimka ah ee bilaysku waxa laga yaabaa inay saamaysay cayrinta afar meelood meel ka mid ah ciidamada caasimadda badhkii dambe ee 1860kii.
Waxaa intaa dheer, natiijadii ka soo baxday Xeerkii Garotting 1863 waxa kordhay ciqaabta jidheed iyo xukunada dilka ah, gaar ahaan gobolada loo arko in ay abuurayaan dhibaato. Xaaladaha qaarkood, xitaa niman aan waxba galabsan oo xidhan macawis ayaa loo doortay inay yihiin "garootters" suurtagal ah!
Ugu dambayntii, waxa sidoo kale kor u kacay hab-dhaqanka feejignaanta, sida gabay Punch ee 1862 muujinayay:
>Ma aamini doono sharciga ama booliiska, ma aamini doonoAniga,Iyadoo dhan ishayda oo dhan ayaan ilaalin doonaa, 1> Gacmahayga sharcigaan ku qaadanayaa.
Miriam Bibby BA MPhil FSA Scot waa taariikhyahan, Egyptologist iyo qadiimiga qadiimiga ah oo xiiso gaar ah u leh taariikhda sinnaanta. Miriam waxay u shaqeysay sidii maamule madxaf, tacliin jaamacadeed, tifaftire iyo la taliyaha maamulka hidaha. Waxay hadda ku dhammaynaysaa PhD-deeda Jaamacadda Glasgow.