索姆河之战

 索姆河之战

Paul King

1916年7月1日--英军历史上最血腥的一天;索姆河之战

1916年7月1日早晨7点30分左右,哨声响起,预示着英国军队历史上最血腥的一天开始了。来自英国和爱尔兰各地城镇的 "伙伴 "们,在几个月前就一起自愿加入,将从他们的战壕里站起来,慢慢走向盘踞在法国北部15英里范围内的德国前线。最后,20,000名英国、加拿大和爱尔兰男子和男孩将再也见不到家了,另有40,000人致残和受伤。

但是,第一次世界大战的这场战役为什么要打呢? 几个月来,法军在巴黎以东的凡尔登遭受了严重损失,因此,盟军最高指挥部决定通过在索姆河的更北端攻击他们来转移德国人的注意力。 盟军指挥部发布了两个非常明确的目标;第一个目标是通过发动联合攻击来缓解凡尔登法军的压力。英国和法国的攻势,第二个目标是给德国军队造成尽可能大的损失。

该作战计划包括英军在索姆河以北15英里的战线上进攻,法军5个师在索姆河以南8英里的战线上进攻。 尽管已经打了近两年的战壕战,英国将军们对成功充满信心,他们甚至下令让一个骑兵团待命,以填补因战壕战而产生的漏洞。天真而过时的战略是,骑兵部队将冲垮逃跑的德国人。

战斗开始时,德军防线遭到了长达一周的炮击,总共发射了170多万发炮弹。 人们预计,这样的猛烈炮击将摧毁德军的战壕,并撕开摆在前面的铁丝网。

然而,盟军的计划并没有考虑到德国人有很深的防空洞或掩体可以躲避,所以当轰炸开始时,德国士兵只是转移到地下等待。 当轰炸停止时,德国人意识到这将是步兵前进的信号,于是从安全的掩体中爬起来,架起了他们的机枪以面对迎面而来的英国人和法国人。

为了维持纪律,英国各师被命令缓慢地走向德军防线,这使德军有充足的时间到达他们的防御阵地。 当他们进入阵地时,德军的机枪手开始了致命的扫射,屠杀开始了。 少数部队设法到达了德军战壕,然而数量不够,他们被很快就被赶了回来。

这是英国新的志愿军第一次尝到战斗的滋味,他们被爱国主义的海报说服加入战斗,海报上是基钦纳勋爵亲自召唤士兵们拿起武器。 许多 "伙伴 "营在那天出了事;这些营是由来自同一个城镇的人组成的,他们自愿一起服役。 他们遭受了灾难性的损失,整个部队被歼灭了;在此后的数周内,当地报纸都会刊登死伤者名单。

7月2日上午的报告包括承认"......英国人的进攻被残酷地击退了",其他报告提供了大屠杀的快照,"......数百名死者像被冲到高水位的残骸一样串在一起","......像被网住的鱼","......有些人看起来好像在祈祷;他们是跪着死的,铁丝网阻止了他们掉下去"。

See_also: 康沃尔郡查理斯敦

英军伤亡6万人,死亡近2万人:这是他们在一天内最大的一次损失。 屠杀不分种族、宗教和阶级,一半以上的军官丧生。 加拿大军队的皇家纽芬兰团几乎全军覆没......在那个决定性的日子里,680名前去的人中,只有68人可以出征第二天打电话。

See_also: 黑暗时代的盎格鲁撒克逊王国

没有决定性的突破,随后的几个月变成了血腥的僵局。 9月,首次使用坦克的重新攻势也未能产生重大影响。

整个10月的大雨把战场变成了泥浆浴场。 战斗最终在11月中旬结束,盟军总共推进了5英里。 英军伤亡约36万人,另有来自帝国各地的6.4万人的部队,法军近20万人,德军约55万人。

对许多人来说,索姆河战役象征着战争的真正恐怖,并显示了堑壕战的徒劳。 多年来,领导这场战役的人因战斗方式和令人震惊的伤亡数字而受到批评--特别是英国总司令道格拉斯-黑格将军,据说他对待士兵的生命。许多人发现,在推进过程中每增加一英里就会损失125,000名盟军士兵,这很难说得过去。

Paul King

Paul King is a passionate historian and avid explorer who has dedicated his life to uncovering the captivating history and rich cultural heritage of Britain. Born and raised in the majestic countryside of Yorkshire, Paul developed a deep appreciation for the stories and secrets buried within the ancient landscapes and historic landmarks that dot the nation. With a degree in Archaeology and History from the renowned University of Oxford, Paul has spent years delving into archives, excavating archaeological sites, and embarking on adventurous journeys across Britain.Paul's love for history and heritage is palpable in his vivid and compelling writing style. His ability to transport readers back in time, immersing them in the fascinating tapestry of Britain's past, has earned him a respected reputation as a distinguished historian and storyteller. Through his captivating blog, Paul invites readers to join him on a virtual exploration of Britain's historical treasures, sharing well-researched insights, captivating anecdotes, and lesser-known facts.With a firm belief that understanding the past is key to shaping our future, Paul's blog serves as a comprehensive guide, presenting readers with a wide range of historical topics: from the enigmatic ancient stone circles of Avebury to the magnificent castles and palaces that once housed kings and queens. Whether you are a seasonedhistory enthusiast or someone seeking an introduction to the enthralling heritage of Britain, Paul's blog is a go-to resource.As a seasoned traveler, Paul's blog is not limited to the dusty volumes of the past. With a keen eye for adventure, he frequently embarks on on-site explorations, documenting his experiences and discoveries through stunning photographs and engaging narratives. From the rugged highlands of Scotland to the picturesque villages of the Cotswolds, Paul takes readers along on his expeditions, unearthing hidden gems and sharing personal encounters with local traditions and customs.Paul's dedication to promoting and preserving the heritage of Britain extends beyond his blog as well. He actively participates in conservation initiatives, helping to restore historical sites and educate local communities about the importance of preserving their cultural legacy. Through his work, Paul strives not only to educate and entertain but also to inspire a greater appreciation for the rich tapestry of heritage that exists all around us.Join Paul on his captivating journey through time as he guides you to unlock the secrets of Britain's past and discover the stories that shaped a nation.